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Welcome to All About Umm-Qays

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Umm- Qais is the recent name of ancient Gadara, it had been mentioned in the late sixteenth century in the Ottoman tax records as (Mkes), which means in the Arabic language a frontier station for gathering taxes. Gadara is the ancient Semitic name of modern Umm-Qais, it Means "wall" in an indication to its highland topography, which makes it seem as a fortification or a fortress place. The human presence at Umm-Qais started in the early Bronze Age. Archaeological evidence discovered at Umm- Qais plateau at an area of its agricultural lands called Umm- al Khawabi assures that. Pottery shreds of the late Bronze Age have been discovered by the Danish team excavating at Umm- Qais in 1983. The first appearance of ancient Gadara in the ancient historical records was after the conquest of the east by the forces of Alexander the Macedonian in 333BC. After his death Alexander Successors held a conference at Babel city in 223 BC, and decided to divide his spacious Empire among them, Seleucids in Syria, Ptolemies in Egypt. To protect the borders against their rivals (the Seleucids), Ptolemies Founded Gadara as a military colony, but in 218 BC Antiochus the third had sieged Gadara and Captured it from the Ptolemies, the thing which converted Gadara to a Hellenistic city. In the early First Century BC Gadara was sieged again for ten months. Destroyed by the Jewish Hasmonaean king Alexander Jannaeus, but this was no long, in 64/63 BC the Roman leader Pompious liberated Gadara and the other cities of the Decapolis from the Hasmonaeans, and rebuilt the destroyed Gadara to please his Freedman Demetrius the Gadarene. Later Gadara became one of the most important cities of the Decapolis, it had minted its own coins, and depended the pompean calendar. The New Testament mentions that Jesus Christ had visited Gadara and cured two mad men near it, but Christianity hadn't spread quickly among the Gadarenes because of their strong paganism. When Christianity was proclaimed the official religion of the Byzantine Empire, Gadara participated in 325 AD in the ecclesiastical council held in Nicaea, and the five aisled church (uncovered by Prof. Dr. Thomas weber) was built at the same century on the Roman underground mausoleum, as an evidence of the victory of Christianity over Roman Paganism. Two Christian Gadarenes tortured and martyred in 303 AD in the term of the Roman Eperor Diocletianos, so such an early church may be built at Gadara to commemorate both of them. Islam entered Gadara after the victory of Islamic troops over Byzantine armies at the Battles of Fahl (Pella) and Yarmouk in 635 AD and 636 AD Successively. Later Umm- Qais (Gadara) attested the Umayyad period from 661 AD till 799 AD, the year in which the destructive earthquake turned the ruins of Gadara upside down. The Abbasid and Fatimid periods (750 - 1171 AD) seem as the missing link in the Islamic period at Umm - Qais, perhaps because the city was abandoned after the strong earthquake had destroyed it. Ayyubide - Mammluke settlement is well - attested western Umm- Qais. Privately in the area where Tiberias gate located. a hoard of more than 400 coins of crusades - Ayyabide period have been uncovered last year (2000) during the excavations of Umm-Qais Antiquities Office, to the west of Tiberias gate in addition to a fragments and vessels of the painted Mammluk pottery. During the Crusades period king Baldwin the third took advantage of its strategic place as a point of pulling out.

Welcome Dear visitors Here are the comments of the thumbnails of Umm-Qais region, they include present Umm- Qais and its nature, basalt and limestone Ottoman Umm Qais Houses, Umm- Qais in antiquity. Capitals, pedestals, Drums, and columns from Umm- Qais. Inscriptions Tombs, Sarcophagi, lintels, and finally objects and statues from Umm-Qais or the so - called also ancient Gadara.

The nature of Umm-Qais and around it: a002.j pg, a003.j pg, a035.j pg, a 0.39.j pg, a 044.j pg, a048.j pg, a112.j pg, a 171.j pg.a034,a052,a068,a077,a079,a081,(a082-a085),a091,a092,(a095-a099),a101,a102,(a104-a107),a152,a163,a168. Umm-Qais is a beautiful hilly area situated 378metres above sea level, it is forested by oak and terebinth trees, parts of its western fertile lands are shaded by olives trees. To the north Umm- Qais commanding the wonderful panoramic views of the north Jordan valley, Yarmouk River, Tiberias lake, and the range of volcanic Golan Heights.

The present Umm- Qais: a001.j pg, a008.jpg, a013.j pg, a020.jpg, a032.jpg, a038.jpg, a040j pg, a047.jpg, a127.jpg, a181.jpg, a182.jpg, a184.jpg, a185.jpg. Nowadays Umm-Qais consists of three areas, the first one is the abandoned old village of the late Ottoman period on the Acropolis, the second area is the former new village, which has been built east of the old village but partly contemporary with it. The third part is the new housing village (modern village) east of the second area.

The Ottoman Umm-Qais Houses: A024.jpg, a026.jpg, a 027..jpg, a034.jpg, a050.jpg, a056. Jpg, a057.jpg, a059.jpg, a060. Jpg, a066.jpg, a113.jpg, a129.jpg, a159. Jpg, (a178.jpg-a180.jpg), a187jpg. The Ottoman period houses at Umm-Qais region include the houses of the landowners on the top of the Graeco- Roman Acropolis, and cultivators towards the foot of the Acropolis. The most important among these houses are Beit al-Rousan and Beit Al- Malkawi.

Beit al-Rousan (Umm- Qais Museum): a0l. jpg a 024. Jpg, a026.jpg, a027.jpg, a057.jpg, a059.jpg, a060.jpg. This two store house was built of limestone on the summit of the Acropolis with a dome on the top of the second floor. The house was owned by a wealthy member of the Rousan's family called sheikh faleh al- Rousan whose trade linked the markets of Damascus and Haifa. He named Agha (basha) by the Ottoman sultan Abd - al Hameed the second, who granted him a medal at before the late of the 19-century. The domed second storey of his house served as a residence of the local ottoman governor (kaim makam) at Umm-Qais during the Ottoman period. Beit al - Rousan now seves as a small local archaeological museum for the visitors coming to Umm- Qais.

Beit al - Malkawi: a010.jpg, a178jpg-a180.jpg, This house was built of basalt stones, and composed of a sprawling courtyard, a square summer reception room above the northeast part of the building, and a row of seven cross- vaulted rooms along the eastern side of the house. The south side of Beit al-Malkawi stands on the second century BC City wall commanding the parking area. The scenic views of wadi el- Arab (the Arab's valley), and the low forested hills are obviously and amazingly visible to the south of the house. Beit al-Malkawi has been built by a landowner called Mohammed Suleiman Malkawi, and now serves as a center for the German Protestant institute teams, yearly excavating at Umm- Qais.

Beit Omari a034.jpg, a159.jpg, a 187.jpg. serves as a center for tourism police. A staircase of an ottoman house: a 050.jpg, -a 208. - A narrow street in the ancient ottoman village: a056.jpg. - Ottoman Houses: a 066.jpg, a113.jpg, a 129. Jpg. The school (now the new resthouse): a009.jpg.

Umm- Qais In Antiquity.

  1. Nymphaea (public Fountains): - Rectangular Nymphaeum: a041.jpg. - The long Basin Nymphaeum: a007.jpg, a016.jpg, a033.jpg, a070.jpg, a089.jpg, a111.jpg . The world Nymphaeum is derived from the sacred water pools dedicated to the nymphs (water goddess), who lived near water sources. Nymphaea were erected among the first structures of Romanization at Gadara, Gerasa, Philadelphia of the Decapolis Petra as well as at major cities in the east and west like Olympia Ephesus, and Tipase. The main two types of nymphaea are well-attested at Umm-Qais, and both were built of basalt masonary, and covered with marble tiles. The first one is the rectangulanymphaeum which protrudes with its two wings towards the street pavement. The exterior walls of this nymphaeum comprise rounded niches facing towards the Decumanus Maximus street, the east, and the west, whereas the northern half of the building is occupied by a big barrel- vaulted cistern. In 1996 an inscription was discovered at the western side of the nymphaeum mentions that it had been built with good fortunate by the builder Aurilius Phantos Gaanos. The second exposed type of the public fountains at Umm-Qais region is the long basing nymphaeum, it lies in the opposite site of the main street where the cardo intersects with the Decumus Maximus street. This structure was built on a hillside and line with repeated semi -circular niches for statues rising behind the long basin and colonnaded with two green colossal columns among the long row of the niches. Friezes with vegetal decorations and legendary face were adorned the two story complex. The main two purposes of the nyphaea are to provide with drinking water, and for religious washings prior to ceremonies in the Greco - Roman temples.

  2. 2. The Baths: Baths of Herkleides: a 154.jpg, a160.jpg, a162.jpg, a164.jpg, Thermae (public baths): a190, a191, (a200-a206) Herakleides (Hp?k?????) is a Gadarene nobelman, whose name appeard into a Greek inscription within a wreath on a masaic floor, the mosaic inscription states that the bathing guests are welcomed by Herakleides, the grantor of the bath's buliding. The Roman baths of Herakleides recur to the third century AD. They were covered by four squares of mosaic floors containing geometric decorations. The (30× 50m) Byzantine thermae complex was erected south of the Decumanus Maximus in the fourth entry AD, and continue in use until the early seventh century AD. One entering the large Byzanting public baths (thermae) from the Deumanus Maximus street, passed firstly the apodyterium (changing room), and then proceeded to the frigidarium (cold bath), tepidarium (the warm bath), and finally caldarium( the hot bath) at the south end of the complex. During the Umayyad period (661 - 750 AD) the building of the public baths re-used as a smaller domestic installations. The baths were destroyed by the powerful earthquake of the mid eight century AD.

  3. 3. The Roman Street System In Umm- Qais: - Colonnaded Decumanus Maximus: a 149.jpg - Cardo Street and its front vaulted shops: a090.jpg, a148.jpg, a170. Jpg, - A209. The Decumanus Maximus is the paved and colonnaded long street in ancient Umm-Qais, it is the main thoroughfare, which divided Gadara into two areas, small northern one, and big southern part. The Decumanus Maximus is oriented into east- west direction with 1,7 km, and was colonnaded from both sides by limestone columns, and paved with basalt slabs, on which the old chariot wheels ruts can be perceived, while the fresh water canals extend beneath the paved street at different points. Private and public buildings were lined the Decumanus maximus. In comparison with the main Decumanus Maximus the cardo is a short secondary branch street extends into north - south orient, the south end of the cardo leads to the west theatre, while the north end intersects with the Decumanus Maximus. The seventeen Cardo street front shops were built of basalt ashlars, and lined under the extension of the western side of the basilical terrace. The facades of the barrel - vaulted shops fell down by the destructive earthquake occurred in 749 AD.

  4. 4. The Gates and The Hippodrome. - Tiberias Gate: a 138.jpg - Monumental Gate: -A 193, - a194 - Hippodrome: Tiberias Gate was built in the early first century AD, most of its basalt blocks re- used during the Byzantine period to build the entrance hall of the underground mausoleum. The gate was composed of two circular towers astride the thoroughfare out of the city wall to the west with a barrel- vault spanned the Decumanus Maximus between the two towers. The socle of the circular tower is visible, but the opposite tower on the other side of the street is covered by an Islamic tombs return to the end of the eighteenth century. traces of the foundation of this invisible tower have been found by Dr. Thomas Weber during the 1989 excavations season. The Roman Hippodrome of Gadara or the so called also stadium lies outside the western city gate parallel to south of the east - west road, it was built for sporting games, chariot races and agonistic festivals in the honour of the Greco - Roman gods. The eastern end of the hippodrome has a semi- circular shape for chariots turning, while a straight wall comprises entrances to the hippodrome formed the western side. The northern side of the hippodrome contains seats for the spectators. The monumental Gate was built with a distance of 365 meters west of the western city wall at the north - west end of the hippodrome. the gate had a large barrel - vaulted central passageway with two smaller barrel - vaulted lateral passages, each end of the gate is flanked by a horse shoe- shaped towers. Prof. Dr. Adolf Hoffmann dated this gate by his stylistic analysis to its decoration and architectural elements to the beginning of the third century AD (Late severian period), and called it the extra mural gate.

  5. 5. Temples - Zeus Temple: - a188 - The Roman Temple: a130.jpg, a 135.jpg. Zeus temple is located to the northwest of the north theatre. it had been built in the second century BC during the reign of the seleucid king Antiochos the forth, who founded sanctuaries at different towns for his favorite god Zeus Olympios. The propylaeum of the Roman temple lies on the southern side of the Decumanus Maximus, the standing pillars which form the colonnaded façade were discovered completely fallen across the thoroughfare, the plan of this large buiding indicates it is likely to be a temple. Two inscriptions have been discovered during the excavation works, the first one is inscribed in a pedestal, it reads: IOVA, which is the second name of the Roman god (Jupiter). the another inscription uncovered painted in a spot of mortar on the third drum of the mid pillar, although the context of the inscription is scratched the name of Aphrodite has been read by the reconstruction.

  6. 6. Churches - The Basilical Terrace (the Octagonal church and its Atrium): a019.jpg, a025.jpg, a030.jpg, a030.jpg, a 031.jpg, a055.jpg, a114.jpg, a183.jpg, -a210, -a211. - The Five Aisled church: a 155.jpg, a156.jpg. The basilical terrace composes of two coherent parts, the basilical octagonal church to the south, and its rectangular atrium to the north. The early sixth century octagonal church was formed by re-used basalt columns and capitals, the atrium was also formed by re-used limestone columns and capitals. The other main architectural features of the church are the apse, which protrudes from the octagon to the east, the alter inside the Easter part of the octagon, the narthex between the western door and the octagon, and finally the circular passageway around the octagonal church. If one concentrates his view on the embellishment of the passageway (a114.jpg) he can observe the symbolic colored geometric tiles, the common Byzantine representation, which has been interpreted by Dr. Thomas Weber to take one from the earthly to the heavenly realm. The five aisled Church exposed in 1998 by Prof. Dr. Thomas weber, it had been built on the top of the underground mausoleum surface. Dr. Thomas Weber dated this church to the fourth century AD. He mentioned also that the church converted into a mosque during the crusades period.

  7. The Roman Underground Mausoleum (The Hypogaeum): a072.jpg a073.jpg, a086. Jpg, a140.jpg, a 141. Jpg, a 141.jpg, a 146. Jpg, a147.jpg. The underground mausoleum appeared in the six-day war after Israeli bombardment at Umm-Qais. The well-dressed basalt Hypogaeum consists of the main burial chamber with a dome in its ceiling serves as a light window. Inside the burial chamber walls, there are six burial shafts (loculi) sited in two rows, three shafts in each row. Above the three sides of the main burial chamber there is a barrelvaulted passageway, it was used as a deposit of skeletons. a lead sarcophagus was discoin front of the passageway entrance with an inscription names Hellades Deaconess. During the Byzantine period, the hypogaeum expanded to the east, the basalt blocks of Tiberias gate towers re-used in the fourth century AD to build the Byzantine entrance hall of the underground mausoleum as well as the apsidal structure and the three arched porch. Fifteen Byzantine tombs had been uncovered during the 1987-1988 excavations the most important one among these tombs lies in the center of the apse, and in front of the Roman hypogaeum, because this tomb may be was for a saint or a martyr. the ancient resources mentions that two Christian Gadarenes saints suffered martyrdom in the early fourth AD, in the term of the Roman emperor Diocletianos, therefore this grave probably was a shrine of pilgrimage. A big fragment of mosaic floor with three line inscription was covering a tomb of three buried persons (A072.jpg), the mosaic inscription names the three Christian deceased: valentinianos, Eustathia , Protogenia. Glass bottles, bowl, bells chain were discovered into another tomb, while a surgical instruments were found into a Byzntine crypt tomb of the same site (for more details see. Objects and Statues).

  8. Theatres - North Theatre: -West Theatre: a 014.Jpg, a028..jpg, a109.jpg, a115.jpg, a118.jpg, a120.jpg, a121.jpg, a122.jpg, a125.jpg, a137.jpg, a151.jpg, a153.jpg, a161.jpg, 165.jpg, 172.jpg, 176.jpg. The north theatre in Gadara is larger than the west one, the seats of this theatre have been re - used by the inhabitants of Umm-Qais to build their village, the diameter of its orchestra is 45metres and 77meters to its exterior diameter. The west theatre is smaller, it was built with a diameter of 53 meters, both theatres were built in the late first, early second century AD for different purposes such as tragic and comic plays, religious processions, poetry in honour of the city gods. The high back seats in the west theatre are for the first row sited exactly above the orchestra, and not as they have been set erroneously at the final row by Umm- Qais Antiquities office during the restoration works. Why all these seats should be brought correctly to their proper place at the first row? Because they have been used by notables, leaders and considerable guests. Accordingly these special seats must be placed at the first row in front of the orchestra not at the last rows of the theatre.

  9. The water system a051.jpg. Roman taped water to Umm-Qais from Ain trab - 13 kilometres east of Umm-Qais-by the aqueduct, two tunnels were part of the aqueduct run under the Acropolis with a dept of 15meters, they were carved in the soft chalky limestone, the main tunnel called Qnawat al- Firaon, it is ca. 400metres long due to its carved and bent course, 2,50 meters high, and about (0,85-1,50) meter wide. The function of the tunnels is to distribute the water among the private and public buildings like the public baths, the luxurious nymphaea, and to supply the inhabitants of Umm-Qais (ancient Gadara) with fresh water.

  10. .The City Wall: a004.jpg., ….. The Hellenistic city wall of Gadara was built after the conquest of Gadara by Antiochus the third in the early second century AD, enclosing the ancient Acropolis hill, on which the Ottoman Umm- Qais houses were built. The city wall includes a narrow- shaped towers, they have been exposed by removing the olive groves planted on the southern slope of the Acropolis. In the early first century BC, the city wall was destroyed by the forces of Alexander Jannaeus the leader of the Hasmonaeans, and stayed demolished until the later First century AD. The new parking area (a 004). it has been constructe in front of the southern city wall, someday this area was covered with olives groves planted by the owners of Beit al- Malkawi: a 004.

Capitals, Pedestals, Drums, and Columns: a000.jpg, a006.jpg, a012.jpg, a045.jpg, a046.jpg, 0710jpg, a075.jpg, a136.jpg, a143.jpg, a145.jpg, a150.jpg, a157.jpg, a158. Jpg, 173.jpg, a177.3pg, -a195. Capitals, pedestals, drums, and columns are scattered at different parts at Gadara specially along both sides of the colonnaded Decumanus Maximus street, the capitals at Umm- Qais divided into Ionic, and Corinthian types. Ionic capitals found under the frieze of the Germani tomb dated to the late first, , early second century AD, another Ionic capital discovered at the north mausoleum dated to the end of the third century AD (late Roman). Corinthian capitals recur to the late second and earl third century AD, basat and limestone corinthian capitals and columns were transported during the Byzantine period from a Roman building, and re-used to erect the basilical terrace (the octagonal church and its rectangular atrium, see a 025.jpg, a030.jpg, a183.jpg, -a 210, -a211). The complete column at ancient Gadara is composed of the pedestal as a base, the drums (two, three or four above each other) and finally the Corinthian capital on the top of them, Such a column is also called pillar. Inscriptions, Tombs, Sarcophagi, and Lintels: A015.jpg, a017.jpg, a018.jpg, a022.jpg, a023.jpg, a036.jpg, a054jpg, (a062.jpg-a064.jpg), a067.jpg, a072.jpg, a0940jpg, a103.jpg, a108.jpg, a131.jpg, a132.jpg, a134.jpg, a139.jpg, a142.jpg, a166.jpg, a167.jpg, a169.jpg, a174.jpg, a174.jpg, a175.jpg, a186.jpg, -a207. - Inscriptions: a015.jpg, a017, a018, a022.jpg, a023.jpg, a036.jpg, a063.jpg, a067.jpg, a103.jpg, a175.jpg, a186.jpg. So far the epigraphical material discovered at Umm- Qais return to the Classical period (Greek and Latin Inscriptions), no sematic inscriptions have been discovered up to now here at Umm- Qais region. - Arabios Inscription: a036.jpg. This inscription was discovered at the north mausoleum- about 135 meters of the Decumanus Maximus Street. The Greek text composed of three lines framed by tabula ansata form in a basalt stone; it reads: "to you passer by I say: As you now I was; as I am you will be. Interest life as a mortal. In the year 418; by the architect Arabios". The date here (418) was made according to the pompean era, so 418- 63/ 64BC. = 355/356 AD. - Tombs: A054.jpg, a132.jpg, a139.jpg, a166.jpg, a167.jpg, -a207. Tombs (burial caves) are spread at different locations at Umm- Qais out of the city wall, during the 1999 excavations season a burial cave at the Acropolis has been exposed west of Beit Malkawi. Visitors coming to Umm-Qais can see the following distinct Roman tombs.

1-The tomb of Germani(first century AD): The two - line Greek inscription carved in the basalt lintel of this tomb name its owners. it reads: "Quintus puplius Germanos and Aulus Germanos Rufas".

2-The tomb of Modestos (first century AD): This burial cave named also after its owner, and sited a few steps west of the Germani tomb. A five- line Greek inscription is carved within a wreath in the tomb's lintel. It reads: "Lucius Sentius Modestos the Holy Herald of the city". 3.The tomb of Chairios (first Century AD): - A 207. Chairios tomb is located in an olive grove 90 meters west of the tombs of Germani and Modestos, two - line Greek inscription carved in its basalt lintel, it reads: "This is the tomb of chaireos son of chaireos son of Demetrius built in 154 AD. (according to the Pompean era).

4. - Issos (Jesus Christ's) cave: a 131.jpg, a142. Jpg, -a 189, (-a197-- a199). This cave is known to the inhabitants of Umm- Qais as the cave of Issa (Jesus or Issos), it lies to about four kilometres west Umm- Qais, the citizens here at Umm- Qais believe - as their deceased grandfathers told before - that Jesus had stayed in this cave for a while in his way to Umm- Qais, in order to release its ancient people from paganism. It is well - known from matthew (8:28) that Jesus Christ had visited Gadara for the same reason, and cured two mad men near Gadara by transferring their evil souls into a herd of pigs which frightened and sank into Tiberias lake, the thing which startled the people of Gadara, so that they met Jesus Christ with antagonistic attitude, and asked him to return back to Galilee. - Basalt tomb cave doors: a054. Jpg, a166.jpg - Tomb- cave: a 132. Jpg. - Tomb- cave: a 139.jpg, a167. Jpg. Sarcophagi: a062. Jpg, a064. Jpg, a0. Jpg, a108.jpg, a134. Jpg, a169. Jpg. Decorated large basalt sarcophagi are existed in the burial - caves, someday they were scattered out of the tomb - caves, and in the olives groves, some of them are displayed nowadays at Beit al - Rousan (Umm- Qais museum), with one marble sarcophagus (a064.jpg). -Basalt tomb - caves lintels: a174.jpg.

Objects and statues: a016.jpg, a029.jpg, a037.jpg, a 049.jpg, a053. Jpg, a061.jpg, a065. Jpg, a069.jpg, a074.jpg, a078.jpg, a093. Jpg, a110. Jpg, a116. Jpg, a124.jpg, a 124. Jpg, a126. Jpg, a12.jpg, a133.jpg. - Objects: a029.jpg, a053.jpg, a065.jpg. The objects displayed here have been detected in the Byzantine entrance hall of the Roman underground mausoleum. They were found at two Byzantine crypt tombs. these objects include: * Three various glass bottles * One bowl * Bronze chain with bells (it was twisted around deceased toes). *Surgical instruments comprising Scissors, Scrapers, spoons, Spatulae, Tweezers, Forceps. - Statues: a016.jpg, a037.jpg, a049.jpg, a061.jpg, a074.jpg, a078.jpg, a093.jpg, a110.jpg, a116.jpg, a124jpg, a126.jpg, a133.jpg. Umm- Qais is very rich in basalt, limestone, and marble sculpture, The various statues shown here were discovered at different Roman buildings and hereinbelow a brief about these statues:

1. Tyche: (a061.jpg): This statue was made of white marble and transported from the first row in the west theatre to Beit al - Rousan (Umm-Qais museum). Tyche is the Roman goddess of fertility, Prof. Dr. Thomas Weber described her in his brief guide (Umm- Qais: Gadara of the Decapolis. Page 21). As follows: "She is draped in a thin, long garment, girded under the breast and buttoned under the shoulder. A cloak of thick cloth Covers her legs and waist, and is drawn up to her back to fall over her Left shoulder, in her right hand she holds a cornucopia filled with fruits". 2.The maiden Torso (2 nd Century AD): a 037.jpg, a 078.jpg. The torso of the maiden appeared in the rectangular nymphaeum, standing on a base with an inscription names claudius Daphnus. Prof. Dr. Thomas weber describes her in his article "one hundered years of Jordanian - German fieldwork at Umm-Qais (1890-1990) Published in "The Near East of Antiquity. Volum.1, Page 20 as follows: "She is shown in a long garment (chiton), girded under the breast, the head slightly turned to her right". 3.Satyr Torso: a 074.jpg, a124.jpg. Marble torso of satyr with the pig skin, uncovered opposite the rectangular nymphaeum. 4.Stattute of Harpocrates: a110.jpg. Roman marble statuette of Erbach- Hermes type from baths of Herakleides. 5.Zeus Figurine: a126.jpg, a133.jpg. Marble figurine of enthroned Zeus, discovered south of the north theatre. 6.Roman Basalt Figurine: a049.jpg, a116.jpg. 7.Limestone sculpture of huge snake. A093.jpg. 8.Hard white marble frieze adorned by vegetal ornamentation and legendary face: a016jpg, a033.jpg.